[BUG] Data loss for extraction of year from far future date and datetime types

[wence-]

Describe the bug

libcudf's cudf::datetime::extract_year returns an INT16 column, this can lose information for large positive or negative years.

The date32 type is:

signed 32 bit number of days since the unix epoch

The timestamp types are (for resolutions milli-, micro-, and nano-seconds):

signed 64 bit number of RESOLUTION ticks since the unix epoch

The must positive year representable by the date32 type is (approximately) $1970 + (2^{31} - 1)/365 \approx 5885486 \gg 2^{15} - 1$.

Similarly the most positive year representable by the timestamp64[ms] and timestamp64[us] types is respectively approximately 292473178 and 294441. Both of which are again larger than $2^{15} - 1$.

Steps/Code to reproduce bug

import cudf

s = cudf.Series([2**63 - 1], dtype="datetime64[us]")

cudf_year = s.dt.year[0]

pandas_year = s.to_pandas().dt.year[0]

print(cudf_year) # 32103, incorrect
print(pandas_year) # 294247, correct, depending on how much the earth's rotation speed changes of the next few millenia

Expected behavior

We should produce the right answer. This might be doable by returning an INT32 column for year extraction.

[wence-]

This is a bit fiddly since std::chrono specifies that the minimum and maximum values of representable years are $-2^{15}$ and $2^{15} - 1$ respectively. So given the manipulations rely on cuda::std::chrono, this may not be fixable.